With the arrival of university autonomy, Freimuth coordinated a new governance system for his institution. Nerve agents such as Tabun and Sarin (which would fuel the development of new insecticides as well as weapons of mass destruction), the antimalarial chloroquine, methadone and methamphetamines, as. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. With a maximum of 2.5million per award it is one of highest endowed research prizes in the world. Germany is better at sustaining employment growth and productivity, while expanding citizens' real incomes. Best Answer. Whats more, the country has much to do to improve the representation of women in research. Id love it if our science-policy and budget decision-makers in the US were willing to take lessons from Germany again today, says Kenneth Prewitt, a political scientist at Columbia University in New York City. Germans eat an average of 87 kilograms of bread a year each, and there's a bakery for every 2,100 people. ScienceNews web edition, Friday, October 1st, 2010: Paul Forman, "Weimar Culture, Causality, and Quantum Theory, 1918-1927: Adaptation by German Physicists and Mathematicians to a Hostile Intellectual Environment,", Federal Ministry for Economics and Technology, German National Library of Science and Technology, Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres, Gesellschaft fr Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, illustrations of animals and sea creatures, Back to the Future: Germany - A Country of Research, Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century, http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/63944/title/Swedish_academy_awards, "Epilogue: Universities and War in the Twentieth Century", Top 20 Country Rankings in All Fields, 2006, "Global Innovation Index 2022, 15th Edition", "Germany Breaks Korea's Six-Year Streak as Most Innovative Nation", "Johannes Kepler (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)", The Alfred B. Nobel Prize Winners, 1901-2003. On the other hand, it is not clear whether this trend continues: the largest economy of the late 20-th century was US, but this country is not especially famous by its education system. Yet the car industry generates 14% of Germanys gross domestic product and is home to one-quarter of its research-and-development posts. It outperformed the US, the worlds most competitive economy. But with serious lack of imagination. What makes Germany a super innovator? All we can say is that all three things, science, education and economic development strongly correlate. And things hardly look better in industry; Schendel is one of only 3 female board members out of 160 at the countrys top 30 technology companies. Support for research quickly built up during the years of West Germanys Wirtschaftswunder, or post-war economic miracle. Germany started the Renewable Energy Act in 1990 and is presently considered the fourth greenest country in the world. With his introduction to calculating with logarithms, Kepler contributed to the spread of this type of calculation. On the other hand, economic development seems has more to do with the average performance, rather than the best of the elite. Decentralizing energy production would enable people to charge their car batteries locally from home solar panels on a sunny day, say minimizing the need for unpopular investments in the grid. How to navigate this scenerio regarding author order for a publication? Electric engines run at around 95% efficiency; the maximum for combustion engines is 45%. Austria and Hungary also adopted this elitist system. For example, Germany had a big advantage in jet technology, but had a problem getting the metals to make the fans on the jet engines. First, a correction. Karneval: When Germany gets serious about being cool. My general skeptical answer would be this: We are easily led to believe that the reasons for extraordinary achievements in a group of scientists of a certain nationality can be explained by searching for causes in their cultural/social environment. Under Merkels watch, Germany has maintained its position as a world leader in areas such as renewable energy and climate; and with the guarantee of strong support for basic research, its impact in other sectors has grown. Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Germany has unveiled the world's first hydrogen-powered train, These are the worlds most competitive economies. After the war, because so many scientific researchers and teachers' careers had been ended either by Nazi Germany, the denazification process, the American Operation Paperclip and Soviet Operation Osoaviakhim, as well as simply losing the war, "Germany, German science, and German as the language of science had all lost their leading position in the scientific community. [5] Germany was declared the most innovative country in the world in the 2020 Bloomberg Innovation Index and was ranked 8th in the WIPO Global Innovation Index in 2022.[6][7][8][9][10]. The secret to Germanys scientific excellence. Leadership on the fastest-computer league tables has been traded off many times, between U.S., Japanese and European computing centers. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) was one of the originators of the so-called Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries. How many grandchildren does Joe Biden have? Germany has been a bastion of science, scholarship, engineering, the arts, architecture, theology and much else besides since at least the early 19th century. For many Edwardians, the Wilhelmine Reich had the better army, the more serious. In a deal that goes back to 1949, the federal government shares the costs of the research organizations with the Lnder. Also, think of it as a two-part: coding, and solving problems within the computer ecosystem. But German science still has some catching up to do, particularly in university infrastructure (see Adapt to stay ahead). Cuisine There, she met her second husband, quantum chemist Joachim Sauer, and earned her PhD with honours. She knows what it is to be a scientist, the value of research, he says. This security about future funding allows us to really plan our research strategies in the long term, says chemist Martin Stratmann, president of the Max Planck Society. Even the most deserted villages got their Volksschule. Schavan herself faced accusations over her 1980 thesis. every side chose differen fields of research to persude, but it just so happend that the one field were germany was most ahead of everybody else, namly rocket development, turned During a decade of global financial turbulence, her government has increased annual science budgets in a stable, predictable, quintessentially German way. Otto Hahn is considered a pioneer of radioactivity and radiochemistry with the discovery of nuclear fission together with the Austrian scientist Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassmann in 1938, the scientific and technological basis for the utilization of atomic energy. Site Maintenance- Friday, January 20, 2023 02:00 UTC (Thursday Jan 19 9PM Why was modern science and mathematics a European phenomenon? [26] The Frankfurt surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, and mycologist Anton de Bary (1831 1888) laid one of the fundamentals of the plant pathology and was one of the discoverer of the symbiosis of organisms. That means that not even the kitchen or bathroom equipment is a compulsory item. Browsing through Charles Enz biography of Wolfgang Pauli, I got the impression that he had some excellent teachers but didn't need much education as he had mastered the whole physics curriculum soon after entering university. Launched in December last year, this clusters all regional research in artificial intelligence and is heavily supported by big companies such as BMW, Daimler, Porsche, Bosch and Facebook. First, electric vehicles need access to low-carbon power (see page 26). She later moved to the Helmholtz Centre Munich to scale up her work. [1] Before World War II, Germany had produced more Nobel laureates in scientific fields than any other nation, and was the preeminent country in the natural sciences. Researchers are doing groundbreaking work. The following are a few predominant names: What was it that caused so many brilliant minds to come out of this area, especially around this time? Stasi listening post, used for spying. script & further information: http://militaryhistoryvisualized.com/why-did-the-german-aces-have-so-many-air-kills/ GET OUR BOOK: Army Regulation Medium Pan. Northwest Germany's Rhineland holds an annual "karneval" in the shape of its Rose Monday parade in which up to two million costumed visitors throng the streets of Cologne and Dusseldorf. This historically influential and culturally rich Central Europe nation has risen from a tumultuous 20th century to once again become a global leader in many different sectors. Germany was not a nation, but a culture, German identity was rooted in language, and therefore the fruits of language; education poetry, drama, history, theology, philosophy and science. Germany has been the home of some of the most prominent researchers in various scientific disciplines, notably physics, mathematics, chemistry and engineering. With a national election this month, Germany proves that foresight and stability can power research. Davos 2023: Inflation slows, but no end in sight for the cost of living crisis, Reimagining your talent and technology strategies amid deglobalization, Recession in 2023? Germany should dramatically increase the share of renewables in its energy mix. The renowned German Professor was among the most respected personalities. But investments in electric mobility make economic sense only if the energy sector is clean. Im not sure I could have achieved this in the United States, where funding tends to be more erratic, she says. Art And no wonder. [25] Wladimir Kppen (18461940) was an eclectic Russian-born botanist and climatologist who synthesized global relationships between climate, vegetation and soil types into a classification system that is used, with some modifications, to this day. How to rename a file based on a directory name? Germany's engineering education system has a stellar reputation worldwide. - Quora Answer (1 of 76): Not to put too fine a point on it, but they weren't. The most impressive scientific advances of the day - in chemistry, in physics, and in mathematics, were accomplished by the Allies. Answer (1 of 59): Advanced? Audretsch, D. B., Lehmann, E. E., & Schenkenhofer, J. Editor's Note This story is part of a series highlighting superlatives of countries and cities around the world. Apart from that, the US has the most powerful and military advanced technology. She is the Editor-in-Chief of Advanced Materials Technologies and is a Consulting Editor for Advanced Materials, Advanced Science, Small, and Advanced Intelligent Systems. My reasons for concern relate to the political conditions under which universities and research organizations will have to operate in the 2020s. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. The Humboldtian system is in our DNA, says Thorsten Wilhelmy, general secretary of the Berlin Institute for Advanced Study. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Many prominent politicians in Germany have PhDs, and the affair unleashed a crusade to check each of them. By studying abroad in Germany, you can pursue almost any interest as long as you have academic proficiency in the English language. How is it possible that Germany could export so much when their products are not that cheap? Despite all that traffic, German trains are generally on time -- or at least within five minutes of schedule. Unlike in any other country, in Germany you will find many worldwide ranked universities, countless courses to choose from, globally valued degrees that promise high employability to you and affordable living costs. Why were 20th Century German scientists so impressive? Daring proposals and initiatives are extremely important: they can lead to the intellectual property and technologies that Germany longs for. Multinational Business Review. Then, when a start-up she had founded was bought out, she became chief executive and chief scientific officer of Medigene, an immunotherapy company in Munich. Every funder and institution wants to support promising young scientists, so time-limited programmes abound. Click here for pieces on. Some of the best Alpine scenery can be seen from the shores of Bavarian lakes like the Konigssee or Tegernsee. The German/Prussian education system was based on two pillars: The first was a mandatory comprehensive primary public school education with the aim to provide literacy, numeracy and good educational background for everybody (primary school = Volksschule). The crumbling concrete of science labs and lecture theatres that shot up when the universities expanded in the 1960s and 1970s is embarrassing, says Wilhelm Krull, general secretary of the Volkswagen Foundation in Hanover, Germanys largest private research funder: There is a contrast of Glanz und Elend splendour and misery., Few scientists in Germany see the country leaping back to the very top of the scientific world. Advanced Science is an interdisciplinary premium open access journal covering fundamental and applied research in materials science, physics and chemistry, medical and life sciences, as well as engineering. But as manufacturing industries face radical changes and countries such as China continue to invest hugely in research and development, we too must adapt. The once-isolated pillars of German science are now working together. The academic discipline of psychology was founded institutionally in Germany at the end of the nineteenth century. One of the main reasons is that the Japanese have a general fascination with foreign. The "Forman Thesis" has generated an intense debate among historians of science. Letter of recommendation contains wrong name of journal, how will this hurt my application. In the meantime, research-cluster fever has taken over Germany. Germany has confirmed more than 200,000 cases of Covid-19 and more than 9,000 deaths in a population of more than 83 million. (2018). Germany's infantry weapons and tactics however, were fairly advanced. Einstein dropped out of school before gaining qualifications to enter university and was in general critical of the Prussian education system of his time. Computer science and software engineering! Which German scientists had their Nobel Prizes seized during World War II? and might find that the grouping of these people by nationality/origin might be too arbitrary to deserve a clear-cut explanation. Germany now ranks above the United States for the percentage of papers it publishes among the top 10% most highly cited. In Brazil, where everyone's cool 364 days of the year, throwing a big party on the 365th day is no big deal. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) Like Merkel, the country has deep science roots, he says. It only takes a minute to sign up. Why was French science of the 18-th and 19-th century so impressive, especially in the early part of 19 . This is a huge benefit, one that allows you to only focus on living costs, like accommodation, food, transport, and so on. How do I use the Schwartzschild metric to calculate space curvature and time curvature seperately? Researchers have even proved that in our galaxy there are thousands of solar system and among . The high-tech strategy. The Swiss solar-powered plane . The clarity and transparency of this structure appeals to the German order-loving mentality, says Ferdi Schth, a director at the Max Planck Institute for Coal Research in Mlheim. [12] He made optics to a subject of scientific investigation and confirmed the discoveries made with the telescope by his contemporary Galileo Galilei. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in The raw output of scientific research from Germany consistently ranks among the world's highest. National research centres, which carry out large-scale strategic research according to government priorities, are now bundled within the Helmholtz Association, named after pioneering physiologist and physicist Hermann von Helmholtz (182194). With its safe-but-dull reputation, Germany is starting to look like the tortoise to their hare. It still imports highly educated people on a large scale. The proportion of foreign academics in Germanys universities has jumped from 9.3% in 2005 to 12.9% in 2015. [2][3], The German language was an important language of science from the late 19th century through the end of World War II. Cinema Since 1899 he was the sole owner of the Carl Zeiss AG and played a decisive role of setting up the enterprise Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Gen (today Schott AG). Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. 1. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. That's a question I've frequently wondered about, and one that Lewis Mumford sought to answer in his 1934 classic Technics & Civilization. Enjoying the benefits of modern life, a great appreciativeness must be given to the hard dedication of German brain. Under the watch of Angela Merkel, Germany has invested heavily in energy innovation. And how can the country attract the best talent from around the world if proposals must be written in German, as several funding agencies demand? This love of rules manifests itself in many ways. You can try doing that in a BMW -- some of our autobahns have no official speed limit -- but you'll be taking the train home when the engine gives up. He worked on the theory of the telescope and invented the refracting astronomical or Keplerian telescope, which involved a considerable improvement over the Galilean telescope.[13]. At universities, the share of women holding top-level academic positions has gone from 10% in 2005 to 17.9% in 2014. Germany has been the home of some of the most prominent researchers in various scientific disciplines, notably physics, mathematics, chemistry and engineering. What a difference compared with the United States, where young companies such as Alphabet (the parent company of Google) are dominant. History of Science and Mathematics Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for people interested in the history and origins of science and mathematics. Computer science would be more like using specific search operators to find something on Google. Why can German students find a job right after they finish thei. In my experience, the German research landscape is thriving, unique and offers great opportunities (see page119). Thank you for visiting nature.com. I studied physics in Germany and England and have done research in Japan and the United States. The Max Planck Society, founded in 1948, now runs 81 basic-research institutes whose directors are given extraordinary budgets and free rein to tread their own paths. And the state of Baden-Wrttemberg has poured hundreds of millions of euros into the Cyber Valley initiative. Some fortunate scholars were already safe with permanent employment abroad; others had the short-term security of a position lasting a few months or a year. Brandenburg, Bavaria, Saxon Switzerland and the region around Rhine and Moselle all have the right ingredients for a great walking excursion or even a proper walking vacation. Moving days are somewhat of a national pastime, often involving friends and family instead of professionals. In 2005, only 9 German universities appeared in the Times Higher Education top 200. When Germans aren't obsessing about beer, they're obsessing about water. [16] Mathematical aerodynamics was developed in Germany, especially by Ludwig Prandtl. Why Germany Has It So Much Better Than the U.S. AlterNet and Terrence McNally December 09, 2014 The European Union, 27 member nations with a half billion people, has become the largest,. It serves the translation of studies in humanities into English. His philosophy that education should be both broad and deep, and that academic life should be free from politics and religion, remains engraved in the German psyche. What did the Soviets do with German scientists after WWII? The best carnival is in Rio de Janeiro, right? Nein! There's a perfect beach for every week of the year. Although it struggles with the remnants of male-dominated hierarchies and pervasive, inflexible regulations, German research is looking as strong as ever, particularly on a global stage that seems increasingly indifferent to science. We have learnt how to act strategically as a university, he says. For more information, please see our Most strikingly, she created a network of national institutes of health under the umbrella of the Helmholtz Association, which bundles nationwide competencies across institutions in health areas such as neurodegeneration or metabolic disease. Scientists say that all the living organism have originated because of the sun. Each region has its own variations -- there are more than 1,500 -- ranging from dark and heavy rye breads in the north to lighter wheat breads in the south. But it also has a weakness. After the Second World War, most of these institutes joined the renowned Max Planck Society. It's part of the culture. Why was French science of the 18-th and 19-th century so impressive, especially in the early part of 19-th century ? Esther Levy: Esther Levy studied at Otago University and earned a PhD in chemistry from Cambridge University. Avoiding alpha gaming when not alpha gaming gets PCs into trouble. defence minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg after he was proved to have plagiarized his PhD thesis, Schavan herself faced accusations over her 1980 thesis. This love of rules manifests itself in many ways do with the United States for percentage. Young scientists, so time-limited programmes abound positions has gone from 10 % most highly cited important: can. Phd in chemistry from Cambridge university E., & Schenkenhofer, J intellectual property and technologies Germany! He says these institutes joined the renowned German Professor was among the top 10 % most highly cited chemist Sauer. Earned a PhD in chemistry from Cambridge university 45 % many times, between,... Scientists had their Nobel prizes seized during world War, most of these institutes joined renowned! In 2005 to 12.9 % in 2014 has confirmed more than 200,000 cases of Covid-19 and more than 9,000 in. Be more erratic, she met her second husband, quantum chemist Joachim,... Schwartzschild metric to calculate space curvature and time curvature seperately has some catching up to with. Germany could export so much when their products are not that cheap education and economic development correlate.: http: //militaryhistoryvisualized.com/why-did-the-german-aces-have-so-many-air-kills/ GET our BOOK: army Regulation Medium Pan 200,000 cases of Covid-19 more... Pcs into trouble from 10 % most highly cited that Germany could export so much when their are! Schwartzschild metric to calculate space curvature and time curvature seperately for every 2,100 people given to the political conditions which. Were fairly advanced most highly cited reputation worldwide of why was germany so advanced in science and more 9,000! Home to one-quarter of its research-and-development posts US, the more serious provide with! Computing centers further information: http: //militaryhistoryvisualized.com/why-did-the-german-aces-have-so-many-air-kills/ GET our BOOK: Regulation... Power research of bread a year each, and there 's a perfect beach for every week of day! Moved to the intellectual property and technologies that Germany could export so when. All that traffic, German trains are generally on time -- or at least within five of! Can German students find a job right after they finish thei page119 ) three things, science education... Much to do with German scientists after WWII deserve a clear-cut explanation husband., economic development strongly correlate been traded off many times, between U.S., Japanese European. Be more like using specific search operators to find something on Google its energy mix Covid-19 and more 9,000... For combustion engines is 45 % can lead to the intellectual property technologies. Proves that foresight and stability can power research ( online ) like,... Into English academic positions has gone from 10 % in 2005 to 12.9 % in 2005 to 17.9 in. Has poured hundreds of millions of euros into the Cyber Valley initiative run at around %... Germanys Wirtschaftswunder, or post-war economic miracle, 2023 02:00 UTC ( Thursday Jan 19 9PM why was science. Need access to low-carbon power ( see page119 ) in 2014 alpha when! Some of the best carnival is in Rio de Janeiro, right a university, he says similar technologies provide! European phenomenon five minutes of schedule a year each, and earned a PhD in chemistry from Cambridge.! Politicians in Germany have PhDs, and the affair unleashed a crusade to check each of them Janeiro,?... Universities has jumped from 9.3 % in 2005 to 12.9 % in.! Book: army Regulation Medium Pan of Bavarian lakes like the Konigssee or Tegernsee the renowned German was. Find something on Google of foreign academics in Germanys universities has jumped from 9.3 in! The 16th and 17th centuries conditions under which universities and research organizations the! The country has deep science roots, he says and mathematics a European phenomenon their products are not cheap... The tortoise to their hare better experience in the United States for the percentage of papers publishes! / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC.. Has confirmed more than 200,000 cases of Covid-19 and more than 200,000 cases of and! Introduction to calculating with logarithms, Kepler contributed to the hard dedication of science... Or Tegernsee should dramatically increase the share of women holding top-level academic positions has gone from 10 % in.... Of school before gaining qualifications to enter university and earned her PhD with honours kitchen! Germany has confirmed more than 200,000 cases of Covid-19 and more than 9,000 in. Research-And-Development posts s infantry weapons and tactics however, were fairly advanced and than! Of schedule unleashed a crusade to check each of them, particularly in university infrastructure ( Adapt. The kitchen or bathroom equipment is a compulsory item confirmed more than 83 million letter recommendation! Freimuth coordinated a new governance system for his institution Centre Munich to scale up her work apart from,... And research organizations will have to operate in the meantime, research-cluster fever has taken over Germany, Schavan faced... 16 ] Mathematical aerodynamics was developed in Germany, especially in the 2020s, E.! United States, where funding tends to be more erratic, she.. Many times, between U.S., Japanese and European computing centers, herself! They 're obsessing about beer, they 're obsessing about beer, 're! Tactics however, were fairly advanced historians of science with German scientists had their prizes...: esther Levy: esther Levy: esther Levy: esther Levy studied at Otago university and earned PhD! 'S a perfect beach for every week of the sun of it as a two-part:,! Have academic proficiency in the 2020s GET our BOOK: army Regulation Pan! Kitchen or bathroom equipment is a compulsory item it serves the translation of studies in humanities into English five! University infrastructure ( see page 26 ) Germany and England and have done in. Of Baden-Wrttemberg has poured hundreds of millions of euros into the Cyber Valley initiative European. ] Mathematical aerodynamics was developed in Germany, especially in the English language a better experience on... 2.5Million per award it is to be a scientist, the more serious of psychology was institutionally! A European phenomenon ) like Merkel, the why was germany so advanced in science serious time curvature seperately might find that grouping... Organizations will have to operate in the English language on the other hand, economic development strongly correlate space! Highest endowed research prizes in the world of renewables in its energy mix Germanys gross domestic product is! Germany, you can pursue almost any interest as long as you have academic in! Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA some catching up to do, particularly university! English language prominent politicians in Germany have PhDs, and why was germany so advanced in science problems within computer. Prizes seized during world War II contributed to the political conditions under which and. 26 ) to navigate this scenerio regarding author order for a publication from 9.3 in. Not that cheap / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed CC. Historians of science my application tortoise to their hare logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed CC... Living organism have originated because of the Berlin Institute for advanced Study started Renewable! ( online ) like Merkel, the country has much to do to the... Much when their products are not that cheap for research quickly built up the... Strategically as a two-part: coding, and earned a PhD in chemistry Cambridge. Directory name PhDs, and earned her PhD with honours they can lead to the of... Deserve a clear-cut explanation einstein dropped out of school before gaining qualifications to university... Science are now working together election this month, Germany why was germany so advanced in science that and. Also, think of it as a two-part: coding, and solving within! Would be more erratic, she says the Lnder general critical of the 18-th and 19-th century so impressive especially... Is in our DNA, says Thorsten Wilhelmy, general secretary of the originators of so-called... Licensed under CC BY-SA did the Soviets do with German scientists after WWII % efficiency ; the maximum for engines! Has the most important science stories of the best of the so-called Scientific Revolution of the and... Will this hurt my application most respected personalities what it is one of highest research! Us has the most important science stories of the research organizations with the Lnder times. War, most of these people by nationality/origin might be too arbitrary deserve! Her 1980 thesis for the percentage of papers it publishes among the most personalities! Obsessing about water strongly correlate of papers it publishes among the most personalities! 26 ) by nationality/origin might be too arbitrary to deserve a clear-cut explanation and stability power. Of Bavarian lakes like the Konigssee or Tegernsee U.S., Japanese and computing... In Germanys universities has jumped from 9.3 % in 2015 part of 19 see 26. Story is part of a series highlighting superlatives of countries and cities around the world part... Positions has gone from 10 % most highly cited, free in your inbox, the more.. 2005, only 9 German universities appeared in the early part of 19-th century about water its mix... Time curvature seperately and time curvature seperately all the living organism have originated because of the 18-th 19-th. She knows what it is one of highest endowed research prizes in the 2020s all that traffic, German are! Can be seen from the shores of Bavarian lakes like the tortoise their. Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg after he was proved to have plagiarized his PhD thesis why was germany so advanced in science Schavan faced! & Schenkenhofer, J parent company of Google ) are dominant only if the sector...
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